ساخت و مشخصه‌يابي الكترودهاي كربن بر پايه پيش سازهاي كربني مختلف براي استفاده در سلول‌هاي خورشيدي پروسكايتي و شكافت آب

Fabrication an‎d characterization of carbon electrodes based on different carbon precursors for use in perovskite solar cells an‎d water splitting

نانو فناوري

Given the growing importance of perovskite solar cells as clean an‎d cost-effective energy sources, challenges associated with the stability an‎d manufacturing cost of these systems remain. This study aims to reduce the complexity of the fabrication process an‎d enhance stability by investigating the use of carbon electrodes in hole-transport-layer-free (HTL-free) perovskite solar cells. Accordingly, carbon electrodes prepared from various precursors, with a focus on optimizing their electrical, surface, rheological, an‎d mechanical properties, were synthesized an‎d characterized for application in perovskite solar cells an‎d water splitting. Ultimately, two optimized carbon formulations, including an MWCNT-free sample an‎d an MWCNT-containing sample, were selec‎ted from among the various carbon pastes. The optimum weight ratio of carbon black to graphite for the MWCNT-free electrode was determined to be 4:3. In contrast, the MWCNT-containing electrode exhibited the best properties at a weight ratio of 3:5:3 for carbon black, graphite, an‎d MWCNT, respectively, using PMMA as the binder an‎d chlorobenzene as the solvent. The results of sheet resistance measurements showed that the MWCNT-free sample exhibited a sheet resistance of 16.91 Ω•cm, while the MWCNT-containing sample exhibited a sheet resistance of 14.31 Ω•cm, both of which were within the acceptable range for the intended application. eva‎luation of the performance of perovskite solar cells based on these electrodes demonstrated the superior performance of the MWCNT-containing sample. This sample achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.40%, with a short-circuit current density (JSC) of 7.7 mA/cm², an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.928 V, an‎d a fill factor (FF) of 0.57. In comparison, the MWCNT-free sample exhibited a PCE of 3.05%, a short-circuit current density (JSC) of 6.4 mA/cm², an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.930 V, an‎d a fill factor (FF) of 0.51. Furthermore, in the photoelectrochemical water-splitting application, the current density of the MWCNT-containing sample reached 9.47 mA/cm², compared with 8.12 mA/cm² for the MWCNT-free sample. Mechanical tests also demonstrated better adhesion of the MWCNT-containing carbon layer to the glass substrate (B4) compared with the MWCNT-free sample (B1). The water contact angle measurements further showed contact angles of 118° an‎d 114° for the MWCNT-containing an‎d MWCNT-free samples, respectively, indicating greater hydro‎phobicity of the MWCNT-containing carbon electrode.

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