مقايسه وجود شناسي ملاصدرا و ملامحمد مهدي نراقي

Authenticity of existence , doubt of existence , Mulla Sadra , Naraqi , forgery an‎d fabrication

Comparing the ontology of Mulla Sadra an‎d Mulla Mohammad Mahdi Naraghi

فلسفه

The present study aims to analyze an‎d compare the fundamental ontological concepts in the thought of two prominent philosophers of the Islamic tradition: Mulla Ṣadrā an‎d Naraqī. The central question of the research is why an‎d how, despite their shared commitment to principles such as the primacy of existence (aṣālat al-wujūd) an‎d the critique of the primacy of quiddity, their ontological foundations lead to different philosophical outcomes. Historical investigation shows that Mulla Ṣadrā, through the establishment of Transcendent Philosophy (al-ḥikma al-mutaʿāliyya), introduced a unity-centered system grounded in the real gradation (tashkīk ḥaqīqī) of existence. Naraqī, who lived about a century after him, did not merely repeat this system but sought to rationally reconstruct the Sadrian heritage, departing from Ṣadrā in several fundamental principles. An analysis of key concepts—including the primacy of existence, creation an‎d createdness (jaʿl wa majʿūliyya), individuation (tashakhkhuṣ), an‎d gradation (tashkīk)—demonstrates that although Naraqī appears to accept Ṣadrā’s major propositions, his argumentative foundations are distinct. For Mulla Ṣadrā, the primacy of existence underpins his entire philosophy an‎d forms the basis of gradational ontology an‎d substantial motion, supported by rational arguments intertwined with existential intuition. In contrast, Naraqī redefines the primacy of existence within the Peripatetic (mashshāʾī) framework an‎d strengthens the theory of creation through conceptual reasoning. Their most significant point of divergence concerns the theory of gradation: Mulla Ṣadrā affirms real gradation within the very reality of existence, whereas Naraqī accepts gradation only at the level of the concept of existence, holding that extramental existences are discrete an‎d independent. The findings show that the apparent similarities between Mulla Ṣadrā an‎d Naraqī should not overshadow the deep methodological an‎d foundational differences between them. Ṣadrā’s Transcendent Philosophy is a unity-oriented, existential, an‎d dynamic system, while Naraqī’s philosophical structure is more rationalist, Peripatetic, an‎d grounded in the independence of individual existents. Ultimately, the study concludes that Naraqī should be regarded not as a mere commentator on Ṣadrā but as an independent an‎d revitalizing philosopher who reinterprets Sadrian thought through a Peripatetic lens an‎d offers a rationalized version of the Transcendent Philosophy.

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