بررسي مباني نجات از منظر فيض كاشاني(ره)

In the thought of Mullā Muḥsin Fayḍ Kāshānī, salvation is neither a merely legal nor a theological event, but an existential an‎d gradual process rooted in his ontological system. Employing a descriptive-analytical method, this study examines the foundations of salvation within Fayḍ’s intellectual framework, with particular emphasis on the pivotal role of ontology as the connective link between his epistemic, ethical, an‎d theological principles. The findings indicate that Fayḍ’s theory of salvation rests upon three pillars: first, an ontology grounded in the primacy of existence (aṣālat al-wujūd) an‎d its gradation (tashkīk), which delineates the existential trajectory of the human being from deficiency to perfection; second, epistemic foundations, wherein reason, revelation, an‎d intellectual intuition (shuhūd) constitute three harmonious sources of knowledge, an‎d “luminous knowledge” (al-maʿrifah al-nūriyyah) is regarded as the essence of salvation an‎d the ground for existential transformation; third, ethical foundations, in which self-purification (tazkiyah), inner discipline (tahdhīb al-bāṭin), an‎d righteous action play a central role in existential refinement an‎d the movement toward divine proximity. Within this system, ontology serves as the unifying nexus by explicating the degrees of human existential realization in relation to the ultimate Reality. To highlight the distinctiveness of Fayḍ’s views, his thought is assessed in relation to al-Fārābī, Avicenna, al-Ghazālī, Ibn ʿArabī, an‎d Lāhījī. This comparative reading demonstrates that Fayḍ, by emphasizing the intrinsic connection between Wilāyah an‎d Sharīʿah, forges an independent path in the theorization of salvation. Moreover, engagement with John Hick’s theory reveals that the fundamental divergence between the two perspectives lies in their differing conceptions of the structure of reality under the rubric of salvation: while Fayḍ emphasizes the determinacy an‎d ontological unity of Truth, Hick’s approach rests upon interpretability an‎d the multiplicity of meanings in confronting that Reality. The research identifies three principal tensions within Fayḍ’s theory: an epistemic challenge concerning the criteria for validating intuition; an ontological challenge regarding the relationship between the gradation of being an‎d the exclusivity of salvation; an‎d a theological challenge concerning the destiny of followers of other religions. Nevertheless, due to its integration of philosophy, mysticism, an‎d ḥadīth, an‎d its emphasis on existential transformation, Fayḍ’s theory possesses considerable potential for dialogue with contemporary approaches in the philosophy of religion.

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