تحليل سياست خارجي آمريكا در قبال عربستان سعودي: مطالعه تطبيقي دوران دونالد ترامپ و جو بايدن

Analysis of US Foreign Policy Towards Saudi Arabia: A Comparative Study of the Donald Trump an‎d Joe Biden Eras

علوم سياسي

U.S. foreign policy toward the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), as one of the most enduring strategic alliances in West Asia, has consistently been shaped by power dynamics within the international system. This study conducts a comparative analysis of U.S. foreign policy toward Saudi Arabia during the presidencies of Donald Trump (2017–2021) an‎d Joe Biden (2021–2025). The primary objective is to examine the continuities an‎d divergences in the approaches of these two administrations an‎d eva‎luate their consequences for Riyadh’s regional conduct. The research employs a qualitative descriptive-analytical methodology based on comparative studies. The chosen theoretical framework is "Hybrid Realism," which explains policy persistence an‎d shifts by synthesizing levels of analysis from Structural Realism (Neorealism) an‎d Neoclassical Realism.The findings indicate that despite stark differences in diplomatic rhetoric an‎d leadership styles, structural imperatives of the international system have led to the dominance of "continuity" over "change". Common strategic interests shared by both administrations include ensuring energy flow security, countering Iranʹs regional influence, an‎d mitigating the influence of global rivals (China an‎d Russia) in the Persian Gulf. Conversely, divergences are most evident in the tools of balancing; whereas the Trump administration adopted "Transactional Realism" an‎d unconditional support, the Biden administration pursued "Institutional Realism" an‎d a policy of "recalibration," emphasizing normative an‎d human rights variables.The results of the study confirm that both eras signify a strategic shift toward "Offshore Balancing," during which Saudi Arabia has transitioned from a "follower state" into a "balancing middle power" with increased strategic autonomy. Ultimately, this research demonstrates that national interests in an anarchic system drive leaders toward similar strategic behaviors, regardless of partisan divides.

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