تحليل رويكرد ج. ا. ايران در رژيم حقوقي بين‌المللي حفاظت از محيط زيست(با تاكيد بر تحريم‌ها)

Abstract Environmental protection, as one of the fundamental concerns of the international community, has acquired a prominent position in contemporary international law an‎d has led to the formation of the international environmental legal regime. This regime encompasses a set of principles, rules, binding an‎d non-binding instruments, an‎d institutional mechanisms aimed at preventing environmental degradation, ensuring the sustainable management of natural resources, an‎d safeguarding the rights of present an‎d future generations.The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the approach of the Islamic Republic of Iran within the international legal regime for environmental protection. To this end, the study examines the extent of Iran’s international commitments, its mode of participation in environmental agreements, an‎d the manner in which its international environmental obligations are implemented at the domestic level. The research adopts a descriptive–analytical methodology an‎d is based on library-based sources, relying on international instruments, environmental treaties, state practice, an‎d Iran’s domestic laws an‎d policies.Within the theoretical framework of the study, the fundamental principles of international environmental law—such as sustainable development, the principle of prevention, the precautionary principle, the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, environmental impact assessment, intergenerational equity, an‎d the no-harm principle—are examined, an‎d Iran’s position with respect to each of these principles is analyzed.The findings indicate that Iran has acceded to many major international environmental instruments an‎d, in its official positions, emphasizes the necessity of environmental protection an‎d adherence to sustainable development considerations. Nevertheless, a significant gap exists between Iran’s international commitments an‎d their effective implementation at the domestic level. Economic constraints, institutional challenges, lack of coordination among responsible authorities, the prioritization of short-term developmental considerations, an‎d international sanctions are among the factors that have adversely affected the effectiveness of Iran’s environmental approach.Despite the existence of a relatively comprehensive legal framework an‎d Iran’s membership in various environmental conventions, environmental crises have persisted in the country, reflecting weaknesses in executive governance. The general nature of certain laws, institutional fragmentation, an‎d the lack of financial resources have hindered the realization of legal objectives. Moreover, international sanctions, by restricting access to capital, technology, an‎d transboundary cooperation, have further undermined the implementation of Iran’s environmental obligations. Consequently, the gap between Iran’s legal commitments an‎d its actual performance stems less from a deficiency in legislation than from institutional inefficiencies an‎d the structural impacts of sanctions.In conclusion, this thesis provides a critical assessment of Iran’s approach within the international environmental legal regime an‎d proposes recommendations aimed at strengthening the alignment of domestic policies with international obligations an‎d enhancing the effectiveness of environmental governance. Keywords: International regime، environmental protection ، international environmental law، sustainable development، sanctions

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