چكيده لاتين
The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and a High-Fat Diet on Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Markers in the Liver of Two Generations of C57BL/6J Mice
Introduction: Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers can significantly affect liver function and lead to chronic diseases. Objective: This study examines the effects of high-intensity interval training and high-fat diet on these factors in the liver of two generations of C57BL/6J mice to gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and strategies for preventing liver damage. Materials and Methods: In the first part of the study, 50 mice (first generation) with an average weight of 12 to 15 grams and an age of 1 month were divided into two groups and fed a high-fat and normal diet for 12 weeks. 28 mice of the second generation whose fathers were fed a high-fat diet, with an average weight of 11 to 13 grams and an age of 4 weeks, were randomly divided into four groups: Sedentary group with high-fat diet (n=7), high-intensity interval training group with high-fat diet (n=7), sedentary group with normal diet (n=7), and high-intensity interval training group with normal diet (n=7). The high-intensity interval training group performed moderate-intensity interval training for 10 weeks, 5 days a week, with each training session lasting 40 minutes. Real-time PCR was used to examine the expression of HMOX1, NOS2, and NFE2L2 genes, and Western blot was used to measure the expression of NOS2 protein. The findings were analyzed using independent t-test, two-way analysis of variance, and Tukeyʹs follow-up test at a significance level of P < 0.05. Results: The results from the first part of the study showed that fasting blood sugar concentration (73.34%) (P < 0.001), liver tissue weight (22.67%) (P < 0.001), and liver enzymes {AST: (101.68%) (P < 0.001) and ALT: (58.46%) (P < 0.001)} increased significantly in the high-fat diet group compared to the normal diet group. Also, in the high-fat diet group compared to the normal diet group, the expression of genes involved in the oxidative stress pathway, namely HMOX1 (173.6%) (P < 0.001) increased, NOS2 (125.30%) (P < 0.003) increased, NFE2L2 (50.52%) (P < 0.002) decreased, and NOS2 protein expression (62.173%) (P < 0.002) increased. Testing the research hypotheses in the second part of the study showed that there was a significant difference between the mean blood sugar, liver tissue weight, liver enzymes AST and ALT, and expression of NOS2, HMOX1, NFE2L2 genes and expression of NOS2 protein in the studied groups. The results of the Tukey test also showed: Blood sugar increased in the HD/HD group (11.35%) (P < 0.001), increased in the HD/HD.Ex group (3.60%) (P < 0.001), and decreased in the HD/ND.Ex group (0.90%) (P < 0.001) compared to the HD/ND control group (mean 111 mg/dL). (2.15%) (P < 0.004), decreased in the HD/HD.Ex group (7.09%) (P < 0.029), and decreased in the HD/ND.Ex group (7.74%) (P < 0.001) compared to the HD/ND control group (mean 4.65 g). Liver enzyme AST increased in the HD/HD group (29.34%) (P < 0.001), increased in the HD/HD.Ex group (8.14%) (P < 0.001), and decreased in the HD/ND.Ex group (3.04%) (P < 0.001) compared to the HD/ND control group (mean 407.6 units/liter). The liver enzyme ALT increased in the HD/HD group (16.36%) (P < 0.001), decreased in the HD/ND.Ex group (10.99%) (P < 0.002), and decreased in the HD/ND.Ex group (12.27%) (P < 0.001) compared to the HD/ND control group (mean 20.78 units/liter). .
