بررسي تطبيقي مراتب نفس انسان وتاثير سلوك معنوي وتزكيه نفس بر مراتب آن، از ديدگاه آيت الله جوادي آملي و افضل الدين كاشاني

The Comparative Study of the Levels of the Human Soul an‎d influence of Spiritual journey an‎d knowledqe-self on the human from the Perspectives of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli an‎d Afdal al-Din Kashani

فلسفه و كلام اسلامي

This thesis offers a comparative analysis of the gradations of the human soul an‎d explains how “spiritual wayfaring” an‎d “purification (tazkiyah)” contribute to the ascent across those levels. The central question is: based on the anthropological premises of Afzal al-Din Kashani an‎d Ayatollah Abdollah Javadi Amoli, how can a theoretically sound an‎d practically actionable mechanism be formulated for progressing from lower to higher stages of the soul? The study addresses a research gap: despite the abundance of discussions on the soul’s levels, few works have systematically compared these two frameworks with the explicit aim of deriving an integrated, policy-relevant model. The main objective is to analytically reconstruct the key components of each framework an‎d to extract their functional commonalities an‎d differences with respect to purification an‎d spiritual practice. Methodologically, the research is descriptive analytical, based on library sources an‎d content analysis of primary texts an‎d authoritative commentaries; a comparative step provides the final eva‎luative synthesis. Findings indicate that both frameworks conceive the soul’s levels as gradual an‎d educable, tying moral self-cultivation to a tight triad of knowledge, commitment, an‎d vigilant self-accounting. Kashani emphasizes philosophical self-knowledge, temperance an‎d harmonization of the soul’s faculties, an‎d the interdependence of practical an‎d theoretical intellect. Javadi Amoli foregrounds a Qur’an-centered rational exposition, the role of revelatory guidance, an‎d a “Qur’anic purification” that structurally integrates vigilance (muraqabah) with graded practice. Differences in epistemic premises an‎d discursive style translate into distinct tactical emphases in spiritual training. The comparative synthesis allows proposing a three-pillar integrative model “guided knowledge acquisition,” “continuous vigilance an‎d self-accounting,” an‎d “tiered practical commitment” which facilitates movement toward higher soul levels. The study concludes with practice-oriented recommendations derived from this model an‎d outlines avenues for future research to operationalize an‎d assess it.

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