تحليل تطبيقي جايگاه عقل در فلسفه ملاصدرا و دكارت و پيامدهاي سياسي و اجتماعي آن

A Comparative Analysis of the Status of Reason in the Philosophy of Mulla Sadra an‎d Descartes an‎d Its Political an‎d Social Implications

علوم سياسي

Abstrac Reason, as one of the most fundamental concepts in the history of human thought, has always been the subject of discussion among philosophers in the Islamic world an‎d the West. Among these thinkers, Rene Descartes an‎d Mulla Sadra have each presented a different explanation of the nature an‎d function of reason within the framework of their own philosophical system. This research, with a comparative approach, examines the position of the dimensions an‎d functions of reason in the philosophy of Descartes an‎d Mulla Sadra an‎d seeks to analyze the political an‎d social consequences of the ideas of these two philosophers in the cultural an‎d historical context of their own societies. The results show that Descartes, as the founder of modern rationalism, considers reason as the source of certainty an‎d the basis of knowledge an‎d emphasizes its independence from faith an‎d tradition. By relying on the methodology of doubt an‎d the priority of reason over experience, he paved the way for the formation of modern thought an‎d libertarian political systems. In contrast, Mulla Sadra, in the Islamic philosophical tradition, interpreted reason in connection with revelation an‎d Sharia an‎d considered it a force guided by divine light. Thus, reason in Sadraʹs philosophy does not enjoy complete independence an‎d finds meaning in interaction with faith. The research findings show that the political an‎d social consequences of Descartesʹ rationalism played a role in the emergence of new democracies an‎d the criticism of authoritarian systems, while Sadrʹs understan‎ding of reason, due to its inextricable link with theology an‎d narration, prevented the formation of an independent rationalist movement in the Islamic world. This research was conducted using a comparative-contrast method an‎d is based on library resources, the main an‎d secondary works of Descartes an‎d Mulla Sadra, an‎d contemporary philosophical analyses. Keywords: Reason, Instrumental Rationality, Transcendent Philosophy, Subjectivism, Modernism.

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