چكيده لاتين
Renewable energies are recognized as clean and sustainable solutions to address the global energy crisis and climate change, playing a vital role in meeting the world’s future energy demands.
Carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) represent an emerging technology in the field of solar energy due to their low fabrication cost, high stability, and lightweight nature. However, these devices still face critical challenges such as lower efficiency compared to gold-electrode perovskite solar cells, which hinders their large-scale industrial application.
In this study, to improve the performance and stability of carbon-based perovskite solar cells, the electron transport layer (ETL) based on tin oxide (SnO₂) was structurally modified through the incorporation of tungsten trioxide (WO₃). To investigate the effect of WO₃ addition and analyze the physical, structural, and optical properties of the layers, a comprehensive set of characterization techniques—including Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Photoluminescence (PL), UV–Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was employed.
The results indicated that WO₃ incorporation effectively reduced oxygen vacancies and surface traps, improved surface uniformity, enhanced electron conductivity, and optimized energy-level alignment with the perovskite absorber layer. Electrical characterization further revealed that cells fabricated with the SnO₂–WO₃ composite layer exhibited remarkable improvements in key photovoltaic parameters compared to the pristine SnO₂-based devices. Specifically, the open-circuit voltage (Voc) increased from 1.07 V to 1.10 V, the short-circuit current density (Jsc) from 22.02 mA/cm² to 22.24 mA/cm², the fill factor (FF) from 0.67 to 0.72, and the power conversion efficiency (η) from 16.11% to 18.01%.
Furthermore, the presence of WO₃enhanced the chemical robustness and environmental stability of the cells. Therefore, engineering the electron transport layer with tungsten trioxide can be considered an effective strategy for developing a new generation of carbon-based perovskite solar cells with higher efficiency, improved durability, and reduced fabrication cost.
