چكيده لاتين
In this study, a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) foam modified with a composite copolymer of acrylic acid, cinnamic acid, and starch functionalized with citric acid was employed as an adsorbent in a microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) method for the extraction and preconcentration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). For accurate determination and quantification of NSAIDs, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a photodiode array detector (PDA) was utilized. The factors affecting the quality of the adsorbent, including the amount of the composite copolymer (acrylic acid, cinnamic acid, and citric acid–functionalized starch) used for PVA foam modification and the presence of glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent, were investigated. The optimal conditions were found to be 20 mg of the composite without glutaraldehyde cross-linker. The adsorbent was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, the optimal extraction parameters were determined as follows: ethanol as the desorption solvent, 1.00 mL of desorption solvent volume, analyte solution pH of 2.0, and three adsorption–desorption cycles. Calibration curves for each drug were plotted under optimized conditions, and the analytical figures of merit for the proposed method including limits of detection (LOD) of 0.015, 0.026, and 0.036 mg/L for ketorolac, naproxen, and diclofenac, respectively; a linear dynamic range of 0.050–0.800 mg/L for all three analytes; correlation coefficients (R²) of 0.9998, 0.9994, and 0.9988 for ketorolac, naproxen, and diclofenac, respectively; repeatability (RSD < 4%); and recovery values above 90%. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied for the extraction and determination of NSAIDs in water samples collected from the Zayandeh-Rood River near the Mobarakeh wastewater treatment plant. The results demonstrated that the proposed method provides satisfactory performance for the quantification of these drugs in environmental water sample.
