چكيده لاتين
Abstract
Bone defect repair and regeneration pose significant clinical challenges. Currently, autologous and allogeneic bone grafts face numerous obstacles. The use of 3D printed porous scaffolds for bone replacement is one of the most advanced approaches in bone tissue engineering, contributing to tissue regeneration. In this study, biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) bioceramics doped with strontium, magnesium, and silicon ions, along with polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer, were used for 3D printing scaffolds. XRF results confirmed the presence of the doped ions in the synthesized powder. Additionally, XRD results indicated that the BCP nanoparticles were properly synthesized. SEM images revealed that the BCP nanoparticles were in the nanometer range. Scaffolds containing 35%, 40%, and 45% BCP and PCL were fabricated. Mechanical testing was performed on all three scaffolds, and the compressive strength, compressive modulus, and yield strength values indicated that the scaffold containing 40% BCP exhibited the optimal properties. Biodegradability and bioactivity of the optimized scaffolds were evaluated by immersing samples in PBS and SBF solutions, showing excellent bioactivity and biodegradability. SEM, XRD, and Alizarin Red results further confirmed the formation of apatite on the scaffold surface. The synthesis of ZIF-8 nanoparticles on the optimized scaffolds was carried out, and the formation of this layer was confirmed by SEM and EDS analysis, which detected the presence of O, N, C, and Zn elements. The presence of calcium and phosphate elements, related to the BCP nanoparticles, was also verified through EDS testing. Additionally, MTT assays and DAPI/Phalloidin cell staining were performed to assess the viability, adhesion, proliferation, and attachment of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) on the scaffolds with and without ZIF-8. These results demonstrated a significant increase in cell adhesion, growth, and proliferation on the ZIF-8-containing scaffolds compared to those without ZIF-8. Therefore, ZIF-8-containing scaffolds are proposed as promising candidates for bone tissue engineering applications.
