چكيده لاتين
In this treatise, an attempt has been made to answer the question whether, in Popperʹs view, it is possible to approach the truth with two-valued logic, or whether it is more compatible with its opposite theory, i.e., multi-valued logic. Popper, as a realist philosopher whose experience plays an essential role in his philosophy, defends the existence of a mind-independent world by criticizing idealism in his ontology, and defines truth based on the theory of correspondence with reality in logic. From the point of view of realists, the main goal of scientific research is to reach the truth. Skeptical arguments and the fact that scientific theories have constantly changed throughout history and most of the theories that have been accepted so far in the history of science have finally been refuted, made a group of philosophers of science such as Popper, who despaired of reaching the truth. have become, but they still consider truth as an ideal goal that is involved in regulating our research behavior. This group of philosophers considered the fulfillment of goals such as closeness to the truth or similarity to the truth to be sufficient for any scientific research. Their goal is to show that the possibility of error can be combined with realism. Therefore, in the concept of approximation to the truth, fallibility is combined with realism, and in this approach, the belief in progress and, accordingly, the optimism towards science is also preserved. In the definition of truth, he defends the theory of conformity, and in this regard, he introduces the concept of strengthening and explains that the durability and strengthening of a theory depends on the variety, multiplicity and difficulty of the tests that are done to disprove it. Although these tests do not confirm the desired theory, they strengthen it, and the strengthening of any theory is a factor for getting closer to the truth. Falsifiability is the criterion of science, and although being scientific is valuable in itself, the value of current theories is also that they are not falsifiable. Popper proposes other criteria to approach the truth; According to Popper, the accuracy of the reports of each theory, the number of facts explained, and the level of detail of the explanations are also criteria for getting close to the truth.
Also, if there are more true elements of a proposition and less false elements, the degree of truthfulness of that theory will be higher. (Sadeghi, 1394, 109) Finally, he believes that his theory of conformity can be summed up with two-valued logic and rejects any incompatibility between them. But according to the studies done in this treatise, the incompatibility between these two categories will be understood more. According to Popper, when we are dealing with mathematical sciences, the result should not contain anything more than what is stated in the premises. Therefore, as much as possible, the weakest logics, that is, the most general ones, should be used.
In the case of natural sciences, the story is different. In natural sciences, according to Popper, our intention is to falsify the result, and in fact, by falsifying the result, we express something more than what is stated in the premises. Therefore, in these sciences, there is nothing wrong with using the strongest logics, i.e., two-valued logic that has the rule of elimination. What makes Popperʹs view sufficiently coherent is to consider him as a defender of pluralism in logic.
