چكيده لاتين
Perovskite solar cells have been an interesting development in solar cell technology. Despite the challenges, perovskite solar cells are a promising technology for cheap and efficient solar power generation. Among perovskite solar cells, cheap carbon-based perovskite solar cells are without hole transport layer and metal contact electrode and are much more affordable for commercialization. But their disadvantage is lower efficiency compared to conventional perovskite solar cells and instability against the penetration of moisture from the porous carbon electrode. For the successful application of perovskite solar cells, problems such as long-term stability and high efficiency must be overcome. The use of 3D halide materials in perovskite solar cells leads to their lack of long-term stability due to the hydrophilic nature of perovskite materials. Therefore, the 3D perovskite halide organic cation can be easily destroyed due to moisture in the environment. The use of 2D materials leads to long stability against moisture due to their hydrophobic nature. However, 2D perovskite based devices have shown relatively lower efficiency than their 3D counterparts due to the contradiction in their photoelectric properties. To achieve a good balance between device efficiency and stability, a 3D/2D multi-layer perovskite structure is introduced by forming a 2D perovskite layer based on long-chain organic cations on top of the 3D perovskite layer. With this method, a thin structure is introduced into the PSCs, which is resistant to moisture. that the resistance of the high 2D perovskite film is able to reduce the holes on the surface and the grain boundaries of the underlying 3D perovskite layer, which reduces the non-radiative recombination losses of charge carriers and finally leads to the improvement of PCE and stability of PSCs. In this research, first, a perovskite solar cell based on carbon without a hole transport layer was made on a scale of 0.09 square centimeters. After optimizations including; Compact TiO2 layer deposition method, perovskite layer deposition environment conditions and carbon layer thickness, carbon-based 3D/2D perovskite solar cell with Glass/FTO/Dense TiO2/Mesoporous TiO2/Perovskite 3D/Perovskite 2D/Carbon configuration was made. The designed configuration showed long-term stability (maintaining 90% initial efficiency against ambient conditions without any encapsulation). In this regard, contact angle analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), optical analyzes such as visible-ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV-Vis), photoluminescence spectrum (PL) and photovoltaic analyzes such as current-voltage and incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) were used to investigate the layers and solar cell.
