چكيده لاتين
In recent years, the use of biomaterials synthesized by biological methods has garnered more attention than materials produced by traditional chemical methods. This research comprehensively examines the potential of biological nanomaterials derived from probiotics, particularly Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus coagulans, in various applications, including the food industry, medicine, cancer treatment, bone differentiation of stem cells, and tissue engineering. The focus of this research is on the synthesis of nano-hydroxyapatite from probiotics and its biocompatibility and properties, as evaluated using advanced techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The results of this research show that nano-hydroxyapatite was successfully synthesized on the surface of probiotic bacteria. The formation of nano-hydroxyapatite in the medium containing insoluble calcium phosphate and urea was confirmed by the activity of phosphatase and urease enzymes. These bio-based nanomaterials were found to be suitable for biomedical applications, such as safe food additives and replacements for needle-shaped hydroxyapatites, due to their suitable structure, including a calcium-to-phosphorus ratio close to that of stoichiometric hydroxyapatite. Anticancer experiments demonstrated that these nanomaterials exhibited approximately 61% anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells while also ensuring the survival of healthy L-929, PBMC, and MG-63 cells. Additionally, the results showed that the synthesized nano-hydroxyapatite significantly enhanced bone differentiation in stem cells, as evidenced by the increased levels of alkaline phosphatase and bone mineralization. Furthermore, the research explored the effects of hydroxyapatite on the growth and differentiation of stem cells derived from human deciduous teeth (SHED). The results indicated that probiotics grown in PVK culture medium increased SHED cell growth by 33% and promoted cell differentiation toward osteoblast cells. This differentiation was confirmed by the observed morphological changes in the cells and the increased intracellular calcium deposits. In the final part, the research investigated the production of bone scaffolds using 3D printing technology, incorporating hydroxyapatite synthesized from probiotics. These scaffolds exhibited improved mechanical strength and biocompatibility, with appropriate porosity (with a pore size of 675 μm) and a compressive strength of 10 MPa, making them a promising option for human trabecular bone repair. Overall, the findings of this research highlight the high potential of nano-biomaterials derived from probiotics for diverse applications in the food industry, medicine, tissue engineering, and bone repair. This study demonstrates the convergence of nanotechnology, microbiology, and biomedicine in the production of innovative materials for various applications.
