The study of human development -- Trends and issues in human development -- Arnold gesell and the maturational model -- Other biological approaches : ethology and sociobiology -- Sigmund Freud and the psychoanalytic model -- Erik Eriksonʹs psychosocial perspective -- The behavior model : basic assumptions and behavior analysis -- Social learning views of development -- The cognitive-developmental approach -- The organismic model : orthogenesis and dialectics -- A discussion and comparison of developmental theories.